Blue Water and White Powder: Trends in Maritime Narcotics Trafficking in the Greater Caribbean is a Naval Postgraduate School thesis by Walker D. Mills.

This thesis asserts drug traffickers and law enforcement engage in a reciprocating adaptation cycle. Analyzing the cocaine trade from 1970 to 2000 and “narco-submarines” as a case study offers a macro and micro perspective on their competition in the Caribbean. The research concludes that despite heightened law enforcement efforts, like utilizing the U.S. military, cocaine interdiction has consistently failed due to traffickers’ quick adjustments to smuggling tactics and routes.

Publication Date- March 2023

Blue Water and White Powder: Trends in Maritime Narcotics Trafficking in the Greater Caribbean contains the following major sections:

  • Introduction
  • The Cocaine Boom and Adaption
  • Narco-Submarines as an Adaption
  • Conclusion

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Author- Walker D. Mills

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